Price And Non Price Competition In Markets Economics Essay

Each one set up the worry for the intrigue net incomes.Firms sell products and ventures through an arrangement of immediate and aberrant channels. So as to expand the total compensation orto increment the gross of the house we can follow the money related worth rivalry or non-value rivalry. In the fiscal worth rivalry organizations try to pull customers completely on the balance of product price.In this dealer ‘s look to follow up on customer request primarily through modifying the money related estimations of the stocks. In the non pricecompetition cost of thecost of the product is limited and other doing factors are expanded by the imaginative movement of a run of the mill quality about the product, for example, its structure, open introduction, commercial, reciprocal and utility merchandise, handiness, customer administrations and genuineness plans. In restraining infrastructure advertise fiscal worth rivalry is all the more great to the houses in light of the fact that just few Sellerss are accessible in the market. In oligopoly advertise non fiscal worth rivalry is all the more great to the houses since showcase is constrained by the little gathering of houses. In monopolistic market non financial worth rivalry is all the more great to the signifiers since it is defective rivalry in short count and ideal rivalry in long count investigation. Unilever constrained $ 1:40 $ 1:50 $ 1:40 Get and A ; Bet $ 1:50 12000 29000 11000 3000 21000 20000 For the above delineation it can demo the financial worth competition.when ever the money related qualities are stays same in the $ 1:40 and the total compensation of the fiscal worth remains unchanged.Most of the houses followed by the prevailing plan. In the fiscal worth rivalry that relies up upon the resistances movement. That ‘s why houses are to a great extent utilized in non fiscal worth rivalry. For representation Pepsi Cola and Cocos nucifera Cola are ever utilized in the non money related worth rivalry. Versatility So as to mensurate this reactivity of value to financial worth changes, lastly sway on the whole gross. It is called snap. It is characterized as the per centum adjustment in one variable connection to a for every centum modification in another variable. Ep= ( a?†Q/a?†P ) * ( P/Q ) Where Ep= Coefficient of financial worth snap a?†Q=percentage change in measure a?†P=percentage change in money related worth a?†=absolute change The measure requested or provided changes will adjust when the fiscal worth modifications. This is known as financial worth snap of interest and money related worth snap of gracefully severally. Versatility is a stage of similarly adjustments. On the off chance that the money related estimation of the required merchandise can be expanded and the customer can take the correlative products so it is called versatile and the shopper can non take the integral merchandise, they are compulsory products so it called inelastic. When all is said in done, Oligopolies include a major aggregate of non-value rivalry. Item advancement is one nation of rivalry, and notice makes up a major piece of non-value rivalry as great. Oligopolists are large houses and henceforth can stand to plug Money related worth is the worth set on what is traded. Something of significant worth is traded for fulfillment and open help enterprise, incorporates touchable ( utilitarian ) and impalpable ( notoriety ) factors. Purchasers must discover if the open help enterprise picked up from the trade merits the buying power that must be relinquished. Cost speaks to the estimation of a decent/administration among potential buys and for guaranting rivalry among Sellerss in a loosened market monetary framework. Dealers need to comprehend the worth buyers get from a product and use this as a balance for valuing a product †must make this in the event that we are customer arranged. Rate adjustment in measure requested similar to the per centum modification in financial worth. % adjustment in Qtty demanded††††††††††††â€% change in money related worth Flexible interest is more touchy to money related an incentive than inelastic interest. Versatile interest, more prominent than1 Inelastic interest, under 1 Unitary interest, equivalent to 1 TR = Price * Qtty In the event that request is versatile so change in money related worth causes a contrary adjustment in the whole gross. In the event that request is inelastic so adjustment in financial worth causes a similar modification in the whole gross. The less flexible the interest, the more great it is for the advertiser to increment money related worth. Request is more flexibly is less so the of the product money related worth will be increments. It very well may be conceivable in simply in the imposing business model market.because singular house drives the full market. In a similar way when the interest is more flexibly is less so the product of the money related worth will non be increases in the oligopoly advertise in light of the fact that in the oligopoly all the houses holding the equivalent financial worth and shifts the product in the nonprice rivalry. In the shop they orchestrated all shampoos in the comparative exchange names are one next to the other. In the shop the two stocks of the distinctive exchange names are orchestrated one next to the other so the interest and fiscal estimations of the diverse exchange names are same. In the monopolistic market two additional houses lead the market.in the monopolistic market other than follows the nonprice rivalry. Picking the correct cleanser can be a hard endeavor. There are 100s of exchange names, each with unending varieties, runing from molding cleanser to hostile to dandruff shampoo.most work powers could think less about what kind of cleanser they use.A So demo your grown-up male some affection byA buying himA a cleanser that will keep up his hair healthy.A Water is the first fixing in quite a while. Cleanser is the second fixing recorded on a cleanser name. The staying fixings incorporate creams, thickenings, conditioners, smells, imbuements, colors, and that's just the beginning. In the event that incident a beautician to help is unreasonable, there are a couple simple things to recover about happening an expert cleanser. Coarse hair will in general be progressively fresh and dry, so utilize a heavier cleanser with humidifying belongingss. Fine hair lays compliment and experiences idle, so maintain a strategic distance from volume shampoos as they can dry out considerably more, and focus on light wet. Wavy hair can be coarse of mulct, yet overall, using a cleanser that has frizz warriors and wet is the best alternative, as Redken ‘s Fresh Curls. For shading rewarded hair types, most expert exchange names have detailed the entirety of their shampoos to be shading safe. For included insurance, by the by, exchange a shading cleanser with a wet or equilibrating cleanser. Slick hair needs a compromise cleanser to regulate the pH of the hair and scalp, similar to Matrix ‘s Normalizing Shampoo. For most extreme waterlessness and chipping, any cleanser wi th tea tree or clump oils for fixings is liked. Proficient exchange name shampoos are the best alternative for delicate, solid, and flickering hair. With simple course to them, modest money related qualities, thus much grouping for various hair surfaces, there ‘s no justification for cognizing how to genuinely take consideration of hair. Hair strands are comprised of protein or ceratin. They have a gentler, progressively fictile inside called the cerebral mantle, and a harder, more grounded run alonging called the fingernail skin. Most conventional shampoos are non solid bounty to appropriately puncture the fingernail skin and scrub the inside of the hair strand, which is the control of cleanser. On the other hand, they coat the fingernail skin and just development on the hair. Since most shop exchange name shampoos are made with increasingly cleanser and sulfates, the development they cause is ordinarily waxen and substantial. Especially for grown-up females who perm, unwind, or colourise their hair, these shampoos will turn sparkling, solid hair into dull, burdened strands Realize why its better to buy proficient cleanser and how to happen the best one or your spending plan, life way and hair type. In the cleanser business there are figure of exchange names.Each exchange name can be produced by numerous stocks, and the each product has numerous types.All the exchange names are fabricated stocks like Antidandruff, loss of hair harvest time, dark and silky, to procure nutrients, long and turn hair. I visited a nearby grocery store Spencers, counsel the gross incomes executive ( koteswararao ) .I enquiry about how much unending dispensed for shampoos. He tells that 2.3 % of the whole volume of the store.in this shop all the shampoos are set in the left corner of the portal. That line contains 7racks every one of them are FMCG products.The 3 rack is allotted for shampoos.The exchange names that I ound in the rack are Hindustan unilever constrained, procter and bet, cavin consideration, Himalaya tranquilize organization, loreal, ITC, Godrej and a lot more exchange names. Exchange name stocks Space designated Market size Hindustan Unilever Restricted Sun silk, Dove, All reasonable, facility in addition to 35 % 50 % Procter and A ; Bet Head and A ; shoulders, Pantene, wella, Rejoice 25 % 16 % Cavin consideration Meera, chik, Nyle 15 % 19 % Himalaya tranquilize Organization Himalaya herb teas 5 % 15 % Godrej Neem, Johnson and A ; Johnson, kesini 5 % Loreal Loreal, Garnier 10 % ITC Vivel radical star 5 % I locate that numerous customers are eager to buy hul stocks. I asked one of the customer for what reason every one of them are buying shampoos and what are the advantages to you. He said that on watching advertizements he began buying hul merchandises.and other than tells that hul has greater arrangement of stocks and they are refreshing the stocks frequently.By this ever gets another stock.the fixings which are using hul stocks are non harmul to our health.the financial estimation of the hul stocks are reasonable and accessible to all the classes of the people.thats why he is taking hul stocks. Analyze

Introduction healthcare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presentation social insurance - Research Paper Example They have both seen a lot of progress since their commencement. The biggest effect on change inside these associations has been the continually propelling innovation; it has extended administrations hugely. The best test the two of them face currently is the duration of subsidizing and work force support so as to have the option to proceed with their effort administrations. The American National Red Cross The American National Red Cross is a part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It was established in May, 1881, by Clara Barton, a pioneer in American nursing. It is a nonpartisan, autonomous association to advance life, harmony, and correspondence so as to ease human enduring around the world. It is a social insurance and philanthropic association that today despite everything serves Americans across the nation with specific accentuation on debacle help and administration to military families. Its blood drives flexibly the greater part of the nation’s re quired blood gracefully. Their general point is to take care of, cover, and give comfort and enthusiastic help just as access to human services during times of catastrophe and emergency. (American National Red Cross, 2011) The first vision for the American National Red Cross was to give brisk and exact correspondence of data during crises, just as administration for sick and injured military staff and their families.

The Characteristics of Mental Health

The Characteristics of Mental Health Basics Print The Characteristics of Mental Health By Leonard Holmes Updated on February 24, 2020 Hinterhaus Productions/Taxi/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Mental Health? Characteristics Challenges to Mental Health How to Stay Mentally Healthy View All Back To Top It has always been easier to define mental illnesses than to define mental health. In the United States, the American Psychiatric Association has traditionally been the organization to define mental disorders (beginning as early as 1917 when it was known as The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions of the Insane). More recently, many have recognized that mental health is more than the absence of mental illness. Even though many people do not have a diagnosable mental disorder, it is clear that some are mentally healthier than others. What Is Mental Health? The World Health Organization states that mental health is not just the absence of mental illness.?? It involves a state of well-being in which people are able to cope with the normal stresses they face in daily life. Mental health allows people to recognize their own abilities, work productively, and make meaningful contributions to their communities. Characteristics Mental health refers not only to emotional well-being but also to how people think and behave.  There are a number of different factors that have been found to influence mental health. Life Satisfaction A persons ability to enjoy life is frequently used as an indicator of mental health and wellness. It is often defined as the degree to which a person enjoys the most important aspects of their life.   Some factors that have been found to play an important role in life satisfaction include the absence of feeling ill, good relationships, a sense of belonging, being active in work and leisure, a sense of achievement and pride, positive self-perceptions, a sense of autonomy, and feelings of hope.?? Resilience The ability to bounce back from adversity  has been referred to as resilience.?? People who are resilient also tend to have a positive view of their ability to cope with challenges and seek out social support when they need it. Those who are more resilient are better able to not only cope with stress but to thrive even in the face of it. 10 Ways to Improve Your Resilience Support Social support is important to good mental health. Loneliness has been shown to have a number of negative health effects. It has been linked to problems with both physical and mental health including cardiovascular disease, depression, memory problems, drug misuse, alcoholism, and altered brain function.?? Decreases in social support caused by life changes such as going to college, facing social adversity, changing jobs, or getting divorced can have a negative impact on mental health. Fortunately, research suggests that it is not necessarily the number of supportive connections you have that it is the most important; it is the quality of these relationships that matters.??   Flexibility Having rigid expectations can sometimes create added stress. Emotional flexibility may be just as important as cognitive flexibility. Mentally healthy people experience a range of emotions and allow themselves to express these feelings. Some people shut off certain feelings, finding them to be unacceptable. Lack of psychological flexibility has been linked to some types of psychopathology, while research suggests that increase flexibility is connected to better life balance and improved resilience.?? Challenges to Mental Health The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) states that an estimated one in five U.S. adults experiences a mental health problem each year.??  There are a number of risk factors that can increase the likelihood that a person may experience poor mental health. Risks to mental health can include: ?? Medical illnessSubstance useExposure to traumaFamily history of mental illnessPoor access to health servicesSocial inequalitiesDiscriminationLow incomePoor self-esteemPoor social skills   Some of the factors that can help offer protection against poor mental health including having supportive social relationships, strong coping skills, opportunities for engagement in the community, and physical and psychological security.?? How to Stay Mentally Healthy The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services suggests that some of the ways that you can promote and maintain mental health include:??   Trying to keep a positive outlook on life  Engaging in regular physical exercise  Learning new coping skills to manage stress  Staying connected to other people  Helping others  Getting adequate sleep     It is also important to be able to seek help if you are having difficulties. Talk to your doctor or mental health professional if you want help improving your mental health or addressing a psychological problem. A Word From Verywell Mental health is much more than simply the absence of illness. It is important to note, however, that there are many factors that determine mental health and overall well-being. Individual factors play an important part in this, but social, environmental, and financial circumstances also interact dynamically with these individual factors to either enhance or threaten mental health.

President John F Kennedy s Leadership And Learning

â€Å"Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other† President John F Kennedy. President Kennedy always understood the value of continuing to educate him-self to be a well-rounded leader; this is why he was well known as such a successful one. By now it is evident that effective leadership is a culmination of nature and nurture because â€Å"effective leaders are not born or made† (Lussier, 8). Researchers even estimate that â€Å"30 percent of leadership is heritable, whereas 70 percent is developed†(Lussier,8). While it is hard to define a leader because, â€Å"there is no universal definition of leadership because it is complex† and it is â€Å"studied in different ways that require different definitions† there are still a few characteristics most†¦show more content†¦Although this idea had begun to come to fruition during the Eisenhower administration, Kennedy continued to develop it yet failed miserably. This failure was mai nly because of unaccredited information provided to the Central Intelligence Agency, and a lack of air support for our troops on the ground. However though this failed attack resulted an epic disaster, Kennedy still accepted full responsibility for his short comings a trait which is rare amongst leaders of today. This was a major display of Kennedy’s â€Å"integrity† as a leader, or the â€Å"foundation for trustworthiness† (Lussier, 38). These personality traits are indicative of â€Å"conscientiousness,† the â€Å"second highest correlated leadership characteristic† (Lussier, 34). Despite his personal flaws, and deceitfulness on behalf of his marriage, he proved on multiple occasions he was honest and ethical businessman. Kennedy was enthusiastic, very charismatic, and was a clear and concise â€Å"communicator† (Lussier, 6). There was no question about hidden agendas, or true intentions. He relayed his message for the future with a simplicity that contained hope and vigor to energize the American people. This propelled him as a leader, because he was able to motivate, drive, and inspire others from the very beginning. He possessed the combination of â€Å"extraversion, and high energy, with determination† to have â€Å"the personality dimension of surgency† (Lussier, 36).Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of President John F. Kennedy s Short Term As President Of The United States1544 Words   |  7 PagesEssay- President John F. Kennedy MSgt Corey B. Kennedy Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy For two years and ten months, America had a visionary leader that inspired a generation to achieve things as a country once thought impossible. For two years and ten months, America had a president that used ethical leadership in decisions that impacted not just the United States, but the world as a whole, and left a lasting legacy. There are a many defining moments from President John F. Kennedy’sRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Hero Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy: A Deserving Hero â€Å"Leadership is the capacity to translate vision into reality† (Bennis). During his life, John F. Kennedy took his innovative and thoughtful ideas and brought them to life. Born on May 29th, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts, the Kennedys were a wealthy Irish-American family that was very involved with the politics of Massachusetts. Raised with a silver spoon in his mouth, Kennedy was the son of Joseph P. Kennedy, an American ambassador to Britain duringRead MoreWho Is My Favorite Political Leader?2116 Words   |  9 Pages35th president of the United states of America, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, (Life of John F. Kennedy,† n.d). John Fitzgerald Kennedy, better known as J.F.K, was the 35th president of the United States, who was of the Democratic Party and a war hero. A brief description of J.F.K entails that he is of Irish descent, and was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917, (Life of John F. Kennedy,† n.d). He graduated from Harvard in 1940, and then he entered the Navy, (Life of John F. Kennedy,† nRead MoreJfk And Khrushchev s Impact On The World War II1293 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolved; JFK and Khrushchev. John F. Kennedy was born into a rich family and had many well connections with the American people. On the other hand, Khrushchev was the complete opposite. He was very poor at a young age and his father, Sergei Khrushchev, previous leader of the Soviet Union, created a hole for his son to dig out of. The whole crisis started when President Kennedy found out, using spy planes, that Khrushchev had nuclear weapons on an island of Cuba. Kennedy sent many messages to KhrushchevRe ad MoreKennedy-Nixon Debate Analysis779 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Fernando Ganivet SPC 3540 – Persuasion October 22, 2013 Kennedy-Nixon Debate Analysis There may be more truth to the old saying, â€Å"it’s not what you say but how you say it.† On average, 93 percent of meaning found in communication comes from nonverbal messages (Mehrabian 1967). Nonverbal communication is the wordless transmission of information through body language, gestures, tone, space and appearance. The first televised presidential debate is a pivotal example of how pervasiveRead MoreThe Legacy of John F. Kennedy Essay2477 Words   |  10 PagesOur Fellow American The late president John Fitzgerald Kennedy once said, â€Å"Sure its a big job; but I dont know anyone who can do it better than I can† (â€Å"John F. Kennedy† BrainyQuote.com). Kennedy was a young and fresh political figure at the time of his election in 1960. The thirty-fifth president of the United States was born May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the youngest president ever, as well as the first and only Roman Catholic president (Bass, et al.). His presidency wasRead MoreThe Assassination Of President John F. Kennedy1951 Words   |  8 Pageswas a man defined by his morality, however his appeasing methods were perceived by some as a weakness, ultimately preluding his inescapable death. It is to a highly significant extent that the CIA was responsible for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, as contrasting ideologies, acting as motive, integrated with extensive influence and power, enabled the CIA to eliminate JFK, to infiltrate their o wn desired means of governing. as an impediment of desired governing. Uncertainty of motivesRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1480 Words   |  6 Pagesloved Nixon for his tough stance on communism and his position as vice president had given him prominence and experience where communism was concerned.. Democrats, meanwhile, nominated the relatively unknown John F. Kennedy, a young but accomplished senator from Massachusetts who had served with distinction in World War II and had won a Pulitzer Prize for his 1956 book Profiles in Courage .At only forty-three years old, Kennedy exuded a youthful confidence that contrasted sharply with Nixon’s seriousRead MoreEssay on Young Candidates Find Success In Presidential Elections2339 Words   |  10 PagesStates presidents elected by the people, they are also the face of the nation. These factors combine to make the Presidential race not only one of the most exciting focuses of history, but also overall increasingly controversi al. The presidential campaigns of 1960 and 2008 have been two of the most polarized elections of United States history. Many distinguishing factors have contributed to the intensity of these elections, but the common factor has been the candidates involved. John F. KennedyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Ussr And The United States Essay3052 Words   |  13 Pagescentre of all this was President John F. Kennedy who is a leader that I deeply admire and one who fronted up to the challenges put before him and came out better as a result, engraining his legacy in the history books. In this research essay I intend to analyse and discuss the relationship between the USSR and the U.S. throughout the Cold War period, the build up to the Cuban Missile Crisis and ensuing tensions surrounding it. Whilst doing so, I will also look at President John F. Kennedy’s decision

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay - 1013 Words

Wealth, Love, and the American Dream nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It has been said that F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is about the pursuit of the American dream. It has also been said that the novel is about love, ambition, and obsession. Perhaps both are true. Combined, these themes may be understood in their most basic forms among the relationships within the novel. After all, each character’s reason for belonging to a relationship speaks very strongly of what really makes him tick; each character’s manifestation of his own desires is found within his lover. Throughout the novel, what universally unites each character beyond anything else is the love of a dream or position and involvement in relationships for the success of†¦show more content†¦Nick notes that quot;It was hard to realize that a man of [his] own generationquot; is quite as wealthy as Tom really is (Fitzgerald 10). After all, Daisy married for money instead of love. It’s made clear that she loves Gatsby far more than she loves Tom, but grew tired of waiting before she finally decided to marry Tom. By the night before her wedding, it was too late for her to change her mind. quot;She groped around in a waste-basket she had with her on her bed and pulled out the string of pearls. ‘Take ‘em downstairs and give ‘em back to whoever they belong to. Tell ‘em all Daisy’s change her mine. Say ‘Daisy’s change’ her mine!’quot; (Fitzgerald 81). Her pathetic, drunken attempt to break a commitment by returning a gift is too little too late; Daisy’s desire to remain rich through union to Tom could not counter-act her love for Gatsby. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tom Buchanan isn’t satisfied in his beautiful Daisy, the object of another man’s dream. Tom describes him as being victim of a permanent anti-climax, the result of the echo of a forgotten football game long ago. Perhaps this is why he has decided to take on a mistress. His lover, Myrtle Wilson, is also in a state of discontent. She doesn’t think much of her husband, George. quot;’I married him because I thought he was a gentleman,’ she said finally. ‘I thought he knew something about breeding but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe’quot; (Fitzgerald 39). George Wilson may not be a very interesting guy;Show MoreRelatedF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby937 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald tells the tragic story of two star-crossed lovers. Fitzgerald uses the Roaring Twenties as the setting of this novel. The twenties were a time of promiscuity, new money, and a significant amount o f illegal alcohol. Fitzgerald was a master of his craft and there was often more to the story than just the basic plot. He could intertwine political messages and a gripping story flawlessly. In the case of The Great Gatsby, he not only chronicles a love story, butRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby885 Words   |  3 Pagesmany people throughout history. Although the dream has its own distinct aspects throughout different time periods, it predominantly focuses on the foundations of wealth, success and a desire for something greater. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s fiction novel, The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby, the protagonist, is primarily known for the numerous lavish parties he throws each weekend at his ostentatious mansion in West Egg in an attempt to reunite with Daisy Buchanan, a woman he falls in love with prior to enteringRead More F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s Portrayal of the Twenties F. Scott Fitzgerald was accurate in his portrayal of the aristocratic flamboyancy and indifference of the 1920s. In his novel, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald explores many aspects of indifference and flamboyancy. A large influence on this society was the pursuit of the American Dream. Gangsters played a heavily influential role in the new money aristocracy of the 1920s. The indifference was mainly due to the advent of Prohibition in 1920. One majorRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay913 Words   |  4 Pages The Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. â€Å"In the years immediately after the completion of The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald was unable to provide his art with any such endorsement† (Collins). Fitzgerald was unable to get his book published because of insufficient funds. According to Harris, â€Å"F Scott Fitzgerald wrote his greatest novel in France in 1924, having exiled himself in order to get some work done† (Harris). The best novel Fitzgerald has written he wrote when he was in France. AccordingRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby â€Å"So The Great Gatsby house at West Egg glittered with all the lights of the twenties, there were was always Gatsby’s supplicating hand, reaching out to make glamour with what he had lost be cruel chance...of how little Gatsby wanted at bottom-not to understand society, but to ape it†(21-22). The Great Gatsby by F.Read MoreA Review of F Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby851 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald created a modern masterpiece in his work The Great Gatsby, despite the novels earl ill reception. The work is a complex piece which tries to make sense of a strange concept of modernity within a classical sense of history. In the work, Fitzgerald illustrates the importance of allusion in the creation of character building, but also as a way for Fitzgerald to stray away from previous literary techniques and create motifs and themes that were entirely his ownRead More F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The greatness of an individual can be defined in terms far beyond tangible accomplishments. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds classic American novel, The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsbys greatness comes from his need to experience success and his will to achieve his dreams. Nick Carraway narrates the story, and his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, is Gatsbys love. Daisy, however, is married to Tom Buchanan, a wealthy, arrogant womanizer who despises Gatsby. Gatsby feels theRead MoreEssay on F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby968 Words   |  4 Pages The 1920s was a time of excess and growth. Economically, it was a time for great financial gain. Largely because of improvements in technology, productivity increased while overall production costs decreased, and the economy grew. Not only was this time filled with prosperity, but corruption as well. People who had previously worked day and night finally acquired leisure time. Some of the most wealthy people made the choice to fill this free time with gluttony and lust. Many authorsRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pages In the novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many of the characters live in an illusory world and only some can see past this. In the novel, West Egg and its residents represent the newly rich, while East Egg represents the old aristocracy. Gatsby seeking the past, Daisy is obsessed with material things, Myrtle wanting Tom to escape her poverty, George believing that T.J. Eckleburg is God, and Tom believing he is untouchable because of his power and wealth are all examples of the illusionRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby954 Words   |  4 PagesJay Gatsby. Gatsby lives in a mansion and has extravagant parties every Saturday. Gatsby’s real name is James Gatz and he was born at a farm in North Dakota. He went to St. Olaf’s University but dropped out two weeks later do to the humiliation of being a janitor. One day he was fishing at Lake Superior and he saw a yacht owned by Dan Cody. He rowed towards the yacht to warn Dan about an approaching storm. Dan was very grateful and took Jay on board. There, Jay introduced himself as Jay Gatsby. Since

A New Frontier for Social Media Free Essays

The evolution of speech and communication is amazing. From grunting and signing to Tweets and Social Media rants. There was a time when a quite Sunday afternoon on the front porch swing would have capped Off good long week. We will write a custom essay sample on A New Frontier for Social Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, people are bombarded thousands of times a day with commercials, pops and spam email, Just to name a few. The horizon of modern day speech and communication is changing and not for the better it seems. Something that is interesting and thought provoking is the idea behind Alex Wright’s statement from the essay, â€Å"Befriending, Ancient or Otherwise†, he states, â€Å"The more time we spend â€Å"talking† online, the less time we spend, well, talking. And as we stretch the definition of a friend to encompass people we may never actually meet, will the strength of our real-world friendships grow diluted as we immerse ourselves in a lattice of hyperlinked â€Å"friends†? † (Wright) This is the reality in which one lives today; it can be seen and heard every day. Whether it is listening to conversations on the local commuter train or reading resumes of a younger generation’s workforce, the disparities of an ever-changing royalty are real. A conversation can hardly be held and not here the word â€Å"like† used almost every other word or when a resume come across the desk of a hiring manager and it has â€Å"text† language used in it (l want 2 work 4 u). It is mind-blowing that the applicant does not realize that this is unacceptable and what is even more shocking, is the individual usually does not understand why they should not receive the Job because of this. These changes can also be seen in the way people communicate via email. In the essay, â€Å"Airmail and Merrimac† by Eric Winner, he explains the differences in emails n a simplistic manner but what really comes through, is the differences in culture. Wiener’s assessment of the American people and their electronic communications is completely accurate. American are as Winner states, â€Å"a bundle of contradictions: rambling and yet direct; deferential, yet arrogant†. Winner) Americans do not mean to be one-way or the other concerning their emails, it is Just an extension of who they are. Americans, as Winner eluded to, have allowed the email to replace the telephone. This can be seen in American’s social media post, it is as if they are trying to relay all of the human emotions into a Backbone post, text, or Tweet. With all of the testing, emailing, and social media, society is losing its ability to communicate effectively, in person at least. If an individual cannot communicate effectively, then the problem discussed in Caroline Regis’s essay, â€Å"The Fine Art of Complaining†, which was that individuals are not taken seriously due to their inability to communicate effectively, will continue to perpetuate. Ergo stated that, â€Å"effective complainers are people who act businesslike and important†. (Ergo) An individual can have a very strong and intimidating presence in a room or meeting. However, their ability to communicate effectively goes out the window the minute they sit behind a computer. Sure, they can relay their thoughts well. They can even, as Winner puts it in â€Å"Airmail and Merrimac†, be contradicting, they can ramble and yet be direct; they can be deferential, yet arrogant. What they cannot be is confident, courageous, and patient. They can’t have humility or tenacity. They can’t show presence or be a great orator. Without the ability to be great orators or masters of the spoken languages, society will continue to struggle to communicate across the ethnic divides. Amy Tan described in her essay, â€Å"Mother Tongue†, her mother’s predicament in relation to her mother’s â€Å"broken† English. That it was hard for her mother to communicate with other people when she had to use her â€Å"broken† English. With the isolation and human avoidance that social media allows for, it is inevitable that this ethnic language bridge will continue to grow. One can see firsthand what social media is doing to the younger generations, when they start to look at who they are befriending and who they are following. It is sort of a friendship/followers dilemma, here it is not about the quality of a relationship but the quantity of relationships, that defines a great social circle. It is the â€Å"lattice of hyperlinked â€Å"friends†, as they only care about how many followers they have and not about who is following them or what reason. Therefore, as Society ventures into the New Frontier of Social Media, these are the ways, which technology and communications of today are shaping the younger generations. As older adults have had the opportunity over the years to exercise their social acumen, they are less likely to fall complete victims of the heinous future. However, the younger generations have not had the same opportunity. How to cite A New Frontier for Social Media, Papers

The Naked Truth free essay sample

The Naked Truth Nudity is not a politically correct subject. We are born naked, but spend the rest of our lives with the notion that we must be covered. Eve ate the forbidden fruit and realized, â€Å"Whoa, my lady parts are showing, better cover them up with leaves so I don’t give Adam an eyeful.† Nudity carries a stigma that creates fear in polite society. It brings attention to sexuality, which is not accepted when overtly proclaimed. I challenge the long-held societal belief that nudity is taboo. I offer a new perspective: If every human decided to live life stark naked, the world would be a better place. Growing up as a triplet, I have accidentally walked in on one of my siblings taking a shower in our shared bathroom. As a teenager, I have participated in theatre, where all actors-regardless of gender- change in one small dressing room, and little is left to the imagination. We will write a custom essay sample on The Naked Truth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While some of my peers felt uncomfortable quite literally â€Å"letting it all hang out,† I never felt squeamish or shy. Perhaps I was born shameless, it’s certainly in my DNA. My great grandmother Kathryn used to say â€Å"seen one, seen them all.† She was a woman far ahead of her time, and I am proud to be carrying on the family torch of nudist advocacy. So, if worldwide nudity was a possible achievement, what would be its’ implications? What would we see if we all decided to live in a state of undress? It’s more of a question of what we would not see. We wouldn’t see religion, socio-economic status, political alignment, reputation, or sexual orientation. We would be left unguarded without our Kate Spade purses, Obama T-shirts, cross necklaces, and obnoxiously tight jeans. Differences would not be incredibly apparent. Instead, we would notice that we all are remarkably similar. We all have limbs, eyes, ears, shoulders, noses, knees, mouths, genitals, fingers, and toes. In this nude utopia, humanity would have to face the naked truth: underneath all the societal customs that divide us, we are all the same. Soon, we would have to acknowledge that we all experience the same emotions: Love. Hope. Happiness. Disappointment. Frustration. Fear. We all smile when we are happy, cry when we are sad, sweat in the heat, and shiver in the cold. I know that judgments that could be made based on race or body size. However, I’m not saying that a naked society would be perfect. I simply believe it would be inherently more tolerant and accepting. If we acknowledge what is inherently similar between all people, it makes the differences easier to appreciate. Rather than avoid those who are different than us, this appreciation would allow relationships to form across societal and traditional lines. I know I am going to come in contact with thousands of people in my lifetime, both in college and the scary â€Å"real world.† Most of them will be very different than me. But I will always remind myself that our differences should not hinder, but enhance the connections we make and relationships we form with others. After all, how different could we really be? We’d all look pretty similar in the nude.

Lord Of Flies Essays (777 words) - English-language Films, Allegory

Lord Of Flies William Golding uses much symbolism in his novel, The Lord of the Flies, to help readers gain a greater understanding of his message. He uses symbolism in three important areas: objects that have symbolic value as references to ideas, characters that symbolize important historical and religious people, and the setting which frames the conflicts on the island in comparison to the whole world. Objects are the first part of the story that are symbolic. Many objects in The Lord of the Flies have important symbolic value. The conch shell represents power and authority, and Ralph uses it to call for the boys to come to meetings. Whoever has the shell has the power to talk. The conch shows how people use objects to give power, like a crown, sceptre, or other thins that show who has power. We also learn that objects don't really give power when people choose not to obey it, like Ralph's conch. The pig's head, or Lord of the Flies, is an important object. To Jack it is a sacrifice for the beast. This object shows that people will make religions and rituals to control their world, even when what they think is not true. The Lord of the Flies is also a symbol of Satan, or the Devil. When Simon talked with the Lord of the Flies, he learned what the real evil was, which is the evil in people's hearts. The Lord of the Flies is a symbol of the things we make up to be the cause for evil, when those things aren't the real reason. The fire is a symbol of hope and rescue. When the fire was burning bright, it was because the boys were working hard to get rescued. When the fire burnt out, it was because many boys, like Jack, didn't care anymore about being rescued. In the end, the fire that got them rescued was not meant for rescue. It was there because Jack was burning down the island to kill Ralph. This shows us that we get things from luck instead of hard work. The objects in the story are used by characters that also have symbolism. The many different characters on the island are symbols of important people. They show how the real world is made up of people. Ralph is a good leader who cannot control bad people like Jack. Ralph is like Franklin Roosevelt before World War II who could not stop the war from breaking out. He also represents democracy, and is responsible. The boys wanted to do what they wanted, but Ralph couldn't stop them. Piggy represents educated people who give advice but nobody listens to them. Piggy was like Albert Einstein because people didn't care that he thought the atomic bomb was bad weapon. Simon was a symbol of Jesus Christ because he knew the truth about the beast, but the boys killed him when he came to tell them the truth. Jack was a symbol of Adolf Hitler. He was a crazy leader who killed many people because he wanted power. Like Hitler Jack was dictatorial and ignorant. Jack started his own tribe when they should stay with Ralph, and Jack killed Simon and didn't care. Roger is even worse than Jack, even though he isn't like that at the start. He is like Dr. Mengele who was Hitler's worker and did very bad operations on people, worse than Hitler. Roger is like this because he makes stick sharpened at both ends. All these people live in an island that is like the rest of the world. The setting of The Lord of the Flies is backdrop that makes it easy to see the boys' wickedness compared to the wickedness of the world and people in general. World War II is going on while the story happens. The parachuter, that the boys think is the beast, shows that they cannot get away from war, and they have war themselves later. Parts of the island are also important. The beach is important because it is where Simon dies, and also where the boys live. Castle Rock is important because this is where the tribe goes to live. It is very small, with no food or soft ground, but the boys still go there because they can defend it. They think they must fight the beast and other boys, but they really have nothing to be afraid of from the other boys or beast. It shows that the boys don't understand what

The Wicker Husband Essay Example

The Wicker Husband Essay Example The Wicker Husband Paper The Wicker Husband Paper Analysis of The Wicker Husband How do you feel when you see someone happy? Do you envy them or wonder what they have that you do not? Do you wish to covet what they have? Wishing to have something another has is a true human emotion. This human emotion Is jealousy and this is the primary theme portrayed by the villagers in Ursula Wills-Jones short story entitled The Wicker Husband. As I look back at the story, It amazes me that almost all of the seven deadly sins present themselves before the story ends. Seven Deadly Sins The ugly girl appears Ill favored to the villagers. Her demeanor changes drastically once time has passed with the wicker husband she purchased from the basket maker. Here we see pride showing Its face In the story. As for the women of the village, they became Jealous that someone so ugly and undeserving should have the perfect husband with whatever magic the basket maker wove Into him. Displayed here are acts of new. The women begin to want what they do not have from their cabanas and wish for them to act accordingly. This is a sign of greed on the part of the village wives. The women of the village display discontent with their husbands, which begins to stir up questions in their husbands minds. Were the women of the village displaying lust after the wicker husband? The entire village conspires to partake in unethical acts becoming vicious in order to sabotage the ugly girls marriage. Acts of gluttony and wrath are apparent. The basket maker displayed rata when seeing how his creation, the wicker husband, was mistreated. When the basket maker proposed creating his last masterwork, a wicker lady, thoughts of sloth immersed among the villagers. In the end, when the wicker lady was accepted by the villagers and the basket maker, the ugly girl, the wicker husband, and the wicker baby had all disappeared, it was the villagers Jealousy that had left all of them to experience their own losses. The villagers created their own misery by trying to take away someone elses happiness.

Attitude and beliefs part 1 and Part 2 Assignment

Attitude and beliefs part 1 and Part 2 - Assignment Example I find these types of quiz to be very helpful as these are the exercises, with which I can spend some quality time for my needs, understand my own preferences and changing needs and help in determining the factors influencing decisions of my career and life. After reading the Canada’s Human Rights Commission and the Ontario Human Rights Commission, I find various issues which were new to me or my knowledge was limited in the same. I was aware of discrimination due to color of skin and sex but I was not very clear about the kind of discrimination by disability or age. I think my group of friends will get benefit of this information. One of my friend is physically challenged and often when he is not served well he simply says ‘its fine, leave it’. I think now I know he can claim over his right to be served and treated equally. I have not witnessed any situation where the Canadian workplace laws were not adhered to the Canadian Human Rights

Internal Control Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Internal Control - Case Study Example This paper will cover internal control requirements for a company, which decides to go public. The second concern to be addressed will be advice on the right things the company is doing and recommendation on a pending decision. Finally, the paper will address the things that the company is doing wrong and recommend ways of improvement. The action of taking a company public is considered as one of utmost importance. Remarkably, such an action has to be taken by the Chief Financial Officer in consultation with the Chief Executive Officer and the board. Going public comes with its own challenges and changes to the enterprise. The internal control requirements for LJB Company will change considerably with the decision to go public. As a small enterprise or a local distributor, senior management is involved in multiple responsibilities, which changes once the company goes public. One of the new internal controls will be separation/segregation of duties or assertions categorization (Whittington & Pany et al., 2004). Financial activity will have to be divided on clear boundaries to avoid overlapping duties. A single person will separate authorization of transactions, record keeping, and custody roles to prevent error or fraud. Another new control requirement will be the performance of internal audits verified by external auditors as stipulated under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This is under the principle of independent review. LJB Company has an accountant, which is good for financial aspects of internal control. The accountant is tasked with retention of records by maintaining documents to substantiate transactions, which is being done at LJB as well. The accountant is also rightfully tasked with the duty of receiving checks and completing the monthly bank reconciliation. It would be advisable to buy the indelible ink machine to keep track of the pre-numbered invoices. This will result in accuracy in terms of the principle of record keeping. Numbering

Clinical Outcome after DMT Discontinuation

Clinical Outcome after DMT Discontinuation Background: Stable disease course may prompt consideration of disease-modifying treatment (DMT) discontinuation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Objective: To investigate the clinical outcome after DMT discontinuation and to identify predictive factors supporting decision-making. Methods: We included 221 RRMS patients, who discontinued DMT after à ¢Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¾12months and had documented follow-up à ¢Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¾2years after discontinuation. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) regarding relapse and disability progression after DMT discontinuation were calculated from Cox regression models. Results: Age >45 years at discontinuation (HR=0.47, CI=0.23-0.95, p=0.038), absence of relapses for à ¢Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¾4years on DMT before discontinuation (HR=0.29, CI=0.10-0.82, p=0.020) and absence of contrast enhancing lesions (HR=0.46, CI=0.28-0.78, p=0.004) were independent predictors of absence of relapse after discontinuation. Age >45years and absence of relapses à ¢Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¾4years on DMT combined had an HR of 0.06 (CI=0.01-0.44, p45 years and longer disease duration were significantly associated with disability progression after discontinuation. Conclusion: While freedom from further disease activity is generally unpredictable, there is a subset of patients (age à ¢Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¾45years, DMT intake à ¢Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¾4years without evidence of clinical or radiological disease activity) having a high likelihood of remaining relapse-free after DMT discontinuation. However, close clinical monitoring for recurrent disease activity is mandatory after discontinuing treatment. MS is an autoimmune, demyelinating, inflammatory neurological disease that develops from a complex interplay of both genetic and environmental factors. The mechanism of demyelination in multiple sclerosis may be activation of myelin-reactive T cells in the periphery. T cells are activated following antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and microglia, or B cells. These T cells then express adhesion molecules, allowing their entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These invasive perivascular T cells can secrete proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha which contribute to the inflammatory processes in the central nervous system. Furthermore, antibodies against myelin also may be generated in the periphery or intrathecally by activated B cells. Ongoing inflammation leads to epitope spread and recruitment of other inflammatory cells (ie, bystander activation). Activated microglia may release free radicals, ni tric oxide, and proteases that may contribute to tissue damage. In summary, MS has 3 characteristic features; Inflammation leading to the infiltration of Perivascular lymphocytes into the central nervous system, demyelination of neurons and the subsequent formation of Central Nervous System lesions (Plaques) The CNS lesions mainly affect the white matter and they are both disseminated in time (DIT) and in space (DIS). White matter help transmit information between regions of grey matter, where the processing occurs. Therefore symptoms of MS are highly dependent on the location of the lesion in the CNS. In 1996, 4 main types of MS were defined, be the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, according to the clinical course of the disorder; Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PPMS) Progressive Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (PRMS) The treatments for MS are split into 3 main types that target 3 different aspects of the disease, namely treatments for MS exacerbations/attacks, treatments for specific MS symptoms and treatments to prevent relapses and disease progression. The last group of treatments are the focus of this study. Despite having no cure for MS there are treatments that significantly reduce both the frequency and severity of relapses in some patients and slow the progress of neurological deficits in MS. These are called Disease Modifying Therapies(DMT). The goal of these therapies is to decrease the extent of damage and scarring to the myelin sheath associated with relapse and in doing so prevent the progression of disease and are especially useful for patients with RRMS. This study focuses on the first line injectable treatments, Beta interferons and Galatiramer Acetate. Interferon beta balances the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents in the brain, and reduces the number of inflammatory cells that cross the blood brain barrier therefore it also improves nerve regeneration. Galatiramer acetate resemles myelin basic protein, thus acting as a decoy for the immune system to target and in doing so protects the myelin surrounding axons in the CNS. Despite their usefulness, DMTs are not suitable for all MS patients due to their side effects. Thus they are only prescribed to patients with RRMS or SPMS who meet certain criteria. Specifically, Beta interferon give rise to headache, chills, fever and pain and redness at injection site while, Glatiramer acetate results in redness and hardening of skin at injection site and rarely palpitations or flushing after injection. Due to these many side effects many patients who experience few or no relapses over a long period of time and have a stable disease course frequently enquire if they can discontinue their DMT without the risk of relapses coming back and the disease and disability progression of MS getting worse. Therefore this study was designed as an observational cohort study that aimed to understand the effects of discontinuation of DMTs on the primary and secondary endpoints; occurrences of relapses after discontinuation of DMTs and disability progression after discontinuation o f DMTs respectively and thus and thus provide predictive criteria that may help clinicians and patients make the decision to discontinue DMTs 0-What is the research question? What is the Primary Outcome? The primary outcome of the study is understanding the effects of discontinuation of DMTs on the primary and secondary endpoints; occurrences of relapses after discontinuation of DMTs and disability progression after discontinuation of DMTs respectively. What are the Secondary outcomes? The secondary outcome of the study was to use and analyse the findings derived from outcome one to discern any factors that would minimize the adverse effect of discontinuation of DMTs and thus provide predictive criteria that may help clinicians and patients make the decision to discontinue DMTs. Is the research question clear and properly addressed? Yes it is as the paper aims to answer the question of whether discontinuation of DMTs in patients with RRMS would largely affect the clinical outcomes in any adverse manner and through that discern any predictive factors that may help clinicians and patients make the decision to discontinue DMTs. 1 Are the methods valid? 1a Details of Assignment of patients Are the inclusion and exclusion criteria clear? Patients for the study were selected form the Innsbruck MS database (IMSD), which contained 1708 patients, through a careful screening process. The exclusion criteria included patients with PPMS or SPMS, patients who received DMT for less than 12 months, patients who discontinued DMT for less than 6 months, patients with less than 2 years of follow up available and patients with a documented pregnancy during the follow-up period. After all these exclusion criteria were applied, the patients who still remained were included in the study, thus 221 patients were included in the study Was randomisation done properly? Randomising before the aforementioned selection process selection process could have influenced the decisions about eligibility and introduced a source of bias and if a large number of randomly selected patients turned out to be ineligible it would have led to a very small sample size and thus significantly lowered the power of the study. Randomisation after the aforementioned selection process was not carried out for this study since this study was designed as an observational cohort study and all the patients in the inclusion list were discontinuing DMTs due to one of 3 reasons indicated in the study; namely adverse events, patients decision (including desire of pregnancy) or (3) stable disease course (subjectively defined by the treating physician and/or patient). Randomisation would have been more essential in a case control study that compared the effects of DMT discontinuation in one group against a matched control group of MS patients who continued taking DMTs. This is explored further in the future works section as a possible continuation from and improvement on this study. Was assignment concealed from Drs? (at the assignment stage) Due to the fact that the study was designed as an observational cohort study and the highly specific inclusion criteria the assignment was not concealed from Drs. Was the sample size big enough? The sample size for this study comprised all the 221 patients in the inclusion list. This was a relatively small sample size for a cohort study. However considering the large numbers of exclusion criteria and the fact that the study focused on a specific subset of MS patients; namely patients with RRMS who were being treated with either Interferon Beta or Galactemer Acetate for more than 12 months, who are not pregnant and had a greater than 2 year follow up, the study does have a high predictive power. For this subset of MS patients the studys results provide a good predictive power yet this does not extend to any MS patients outside this subset. The usefulness of this study is further undermined by the fact that just a month before this was published a similar study was done by the MSBase Registry with a case control design looking at 426 DMT stoppers, which is almost double the sample size in this study thus providing a far larger power. 1b Accounting for patients entered into the trial How complete was the follow up? The median follow up period was 3.8 years with maximum follow up period being 26.9 years and minimum follow up being 2 years. How were patients lost to follow up dealt with? As part of the exclusion criteria, patients who were lost to follow up either due to discontinuation of DMT for less than 6 months or because patients had less than 2 years of follow up available or because patients had a documented pregnancy during the follow-up period were excluded from the study and thus also excluded from the calculation on the results of the study. How were patients not receiving assigned treatment (non-compliers) dealt with ? During the follow up period 69 of the 221 patients restarted DMTs after the 6 month cutoff imposed in the exclusion criteria. If DMT was restarted during this observation period, the primary endpoint was considered to be reached at the time point of reinitiation of DMT and thus the patients were still used for calculating the final results. Is there likely to be residual bias because of any of the above? Since data for the study was collected retrospectively at the first visit this does introduce a potential source of bias due to the lack of data completeness for some variables. Moreover, since this study was not conducted in a case control manner there is a possibility that important unmeasured variables could have had a confounding effect on the observed results. However, since data was collected prospectively from then on it serves to minimize any sources of residual bias by attempting to correct for any confounders. The fact that all the patients were selected from the Innsbruck MS database, which mainly represents the demographics of western Austria and its geographical catchment areas and the fact that there was no randomization carried out also introduces a potential source of selection bias and restricts the predictive power and usefulness of this study 1c Blinding How far was it carried out for patients, doctors, other study personnel? In this study blinding was not carried out as all eligible patients in the inclusion list underwent the same intervention which was the discontinuation of DMT. Furthermore, the fact that this study was designed as an observational cohort study meant that blinding was not entirely necessary 1e Apart from experimental intervention were the groups treated equally? Apart from the discontinuation of DMTs all the other decisions about the patients care was left up to their respective doctors and any MS specific interventions or healthcare concerns, such as pregnancies, were noted in the regular follow ups. 2. What are the results? 2a Were outcomes measured in a standard valid reliable way ? The primary and secondary endpoints of this study were the occurrences of relapses after discontinuation of DMTs and disability progression after discontinuation of DMTs respectively. A relapse was defined as patient-reported symptoms or objectively observed signs typical of an acute central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating event, current or prior to the visit, with duration of at least 24 hours in the absence of fever or infection, separated from the last relapse by at least 30 days.27 Disability progression was defined as a confirmed EDSS increase in 0.5 sustained for 6months. MRI was only included in analysis if performed within a maximum of 6months prior to discontinuation of DMT (MRI at discontinuation) and if there was another MRI available for comparison performed 1-24months prior to MRI at discontinuation (MRI before discontinuation). MRI parameters obtained were increase in T2 lesion load and presence of gadolinium-enhancing lesions. Increase in T2 lesion load was defined as à ¢Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¾1 either new or size-enlarged T2 lesion in MRI at discontinuation compared to MRI before discontinuation. 2b Are results comparable at different sites ? These crietria for measurement and reporting of data helped standardize the measurement of the outcomes among the multiple study sites. 2c How large was the treatment effect ? Relapses Primary Outcome: Bivariate testing showed a correlation between absence of relapses after DMT discontinuation and younger age at discontinuation (r=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢0.352, p There was no association with disease duration (p=0.327). Secondary Outcome: ROC analyses indicated best possible cutoff values of 45 years for age at discontinuation (sensitivity: 65%, specificity: 85%) and 4 years for duration of DMT intake without a relapse (sensitivity: 60%, specificity: 81%) 14/56 (25%) patients aged à ¢Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¾45 years at discontinuation suffered a relapse after discontinuation of DMT compared to 84/165 (50.9%) of patients Age >45 years and absence of gadolinium-enhancing lesion before discontinuation of DMT were found to be independent predictors of absence of relapse after discontinuation of DMT, each about cutting the risk for future relapse in half. Absence of relapses for a period of 4 years or longer on DMT reduced the risk of future relapse to under a third. Sex and EDSS at discontinuation did not have any significant impact. Patients aged >45 years with absence of relapses for a period of 4years on DMT had a cumulative hazard ratio (HR) of 0.06 (CI=0.01-0.44, p Disability Progression Primary Outcome: Bivariate analysis exhibited a statistically significant correlation between disability progression and EDSS at discontinuation (r = 0.212, p = 0.002), disease duration (r = 0.172, p = 0.004) and age at discontinuation (r = 0.123, p = 0.042), but not for duration of DMT, occurrence of relapses on DMT and presence of gadolinium-enhancing lesions. Secondary Outcome: After inclusion of these variables in a multivariate cox regression model, higher EDSS at discontinuation, age >45 years at discontinuation and longer disease duration were the only significant independent predictors of disability progression after discontinuation. Patients aged à ¢Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¾45 years with absence of relapses for a period of 4 years on DMT did not have a significant reduction in their risk for disability progression How precisely is it measured (95% CIs)? Categorical variables were expressed in frequencies and percentages, parametric continuous variables as mean and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) and nonparametric variables as median and range. Comparisons regarding primary and secondary endpoints were made by bivariate correlations (Kendalls tau) and Fishers exact or chi-square tests as appropriate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to define the best possible cut-off values of continuous variables for prediction of the primary endpoint. Survival analyses were performed using cox regression models for comparison of prognostic factors over time and assessment of possible confounders. A two-tailed p-value 2d What is the clinical significance of the results and how precisely is it measured?  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The secondary outcome of this study has a higher clinical significance than the primary outcome. The results show that 3.   Are the results applicable to your patient(s)? 3a Are your patients similar to the study patients? 3b Were all the outcomes that are of interest to your patients considered in the trial? 3c Are the benefits worth the potential harms and costs? In the future a different study design can be used to tackle the same research question. A further case control study, like the one done by the MSBase Registry, that compared the effects of DMT discontinuation in one group against a matched control group of MS patients who continued taking DMTs could be carried out to minimize any effects of confounders and biases that may have affected the results of the cohort study. A future cohort study could include a larger sample size that would be more representative of a larger proportion of the patients with MS. Choosing from a more diverse patient demographic would also provide a greater amount of predictive power over the cultural diverse population of MS patients that are found in the local London boroughs. A similar study could be repeated with a fully prospective design so as to eliminate any selection biases that may have arisen due the retrospective nature of initial data collection. Furthermore, the retrospective nature of this study also led to only 168 of the 221 selected patients having MRI data available within 6 months before discontinuation of DMT thus reducing the predictive and representative power of many conclusions derived from MRI comparison data. Thus, more detailed and complete analysis using MRI data could have been obtained if the study was designed to be entirely prospectively conducted without the retrospective data collection. Focus on newer DMTs Since this study only focused on the first line DMTs which only account for a portion of the RRMS patients receiving DMT future work can focus on the other available newer DMTs. The data on the post-injectable DMT disease course may not be generalisable to the newer agents thus it is essential to conduct DMT discontinuation studies on other oral or intravenous DMTs available to patients which have a larger range of side effects and arguably have more severe side effects. Furthermore even though this study provides some predictive criteria that may help clinicians and patients make the decision to discontinue DMTs, To definitively answer the question about safety of DMT discontinuation in this patient subset, a randomised trial is required. The first randomised DMT discontinuation trial in MS is was scheduled to start recruitment in 2016 and its findings should provide more conclusive evidence about the safety and viability of DMT discontinuation in the patient subsets identified in this study both in terms of number of relapses and disability progression.

The Anglo-saxon Literature Essay -- essays research papers

In the Anglo-Saxon literature, the scop has a privilege of retaining history, culture and social values of that society. In many cases the scop exercises the power to create stories which reflect the values of that society. The Rood in the  ¡Ã‚ °The Dream of the Rood ¡Ã‚ ± also tells a story of which affects its society and people. The existence of this witness that reports the suffering and the glorification of Christ proves necessary for the people to believe. The Rood becomes a hero that preserves an event that proves crucial to the society. As the Rood observes the suffering of Christ, it also shares with him the pains of crucifixion. In other words, the Rood takes part in Christ ¡Ã‚ ¯s crucifixion which pertains to the salvation of the souls. Although the Rood declares its god-like qualities along with Christ, there ¡Ã‚ ¯s a distinction between Christ and the Rood. Therefore, the Rood appears as a metonymic figure which represents the Christ ¡Ã‚ ¯s suffering but it doe s not represent Christ. In fact, the Rood assumes the role of Christ as it demands people to worship it. In this poem, the Rood appears as an Anglo-Saxon hero. However, the Rood fails to share the Christian beliefs when it declares the entity of God along with Christ. Although Christ and the Rood shared the  ¡Ã‚ °innocent ¡Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¯ suffering together, this does not provide an adequate explanation for the Rood to become a replacement of Christ. Indeed, the Rood appears as a hero in the Anglo-Saxon society for it reflects the values of many figures that suffer with their Lord. The Rood shares the suffering endured by Christ. It does not regret its pains but sympathizes with Christ as it brings unto itself the hostilities directed at Christ. Thus, it states,  ¡Ã‚ °[how] they mocked at us both ¡Ã‚ ±( ¡Ã‚ °The Rood ¡Ã‚ ±, 51). Suffering with the members of the community proves important to a hero in the Anglo-Saxon literature. In  ¡Ã‚ °The Battle of Maldon, ¡Ã‚ ± a band of warriors fight to save their community, more specifically, fight to  ¡Ã‚ °serve the Earl ¡Ã‚ ±(The Battle of Maldon, 11). Bryhtnoth is the Earl of these brave warriors who fight unto death in order to carry out their duty. This duty indicates that one does not desert a battleground and retreat in order to save one ¡Ã‚ ¯s life. Therefore, the heroes share the battlefield alongside their lord and fight until they win or die. Like these heroes of the Maldon, the Rood remains steadfast in sh... ...st did not have in mind for the people to worship a tree.  ¡Ã‚ °The Rood ¡Ã‚ ± states its separate entity from Christ.  ¡Ã‚ °The Tree of Victory ¡Ã‚ ± becomes itself a figure that must be worshipped by its people. In fact, the Anglo-Saxon society views its heroes as gods through the scops of the society. In Anglo-Saxon literature, scops acquire the power to influence and preserve their tradition, history and culture. The scops glorify the heroes of their times according to their deeds which uphold the values of that society. In addition, the scops give the heroes of their society power to be immortal. They honor their heroes as gods and inevitably honor the values that these heroes uphold. The Rood is one of the Anglo-Saxon heroes that represents the importance of sacrifice of enduring crucial suffering in order to benefit its society. Regardless of its former status, the Rood ¡Ã‚ ¯s deeds reinforce the values of the Anglo-Saxon sense of loyalty that makes them fearless in the face of wierd. In the face of the approaching death, these heroes are portrayed as honoring their community more than their lives. Thus, by remembering and worshipping these heroes, the Anglo-Saxons tend to honor their society.

Butcher Boys by Jane Alexander Essay

Butcher Boys is a work of art created by Jane Alexander in 1985-86. Jane Alexander is a caucasian female who was born in Johannesburg South Africa in 1959, and grew up in South Africa during the tumultuous political and cultural atmosphere of apartheid and the fight for civil rights. This location, or more specifically the cultural, social and political aspects of this location, affected Alexander’s work, Butcher Boys. The artist states, â€Å"my work has been a response to the social environment I find myself in. Apartheid happened to be the important political condition at a certain time, and it still impacts my perception of social environments now, here or abroad†. (Dent). Alexander still resides in South Africa and currently teaches at the Michaelis School of Fine Arts in Cape Town (Bick 30). Butcher Boys is a work consisting of three plaster-cast, life-size naked figures that embody both human and inhuman characteristics. The human characteristics include arms, legs, hands, feet and torsos that are combined with monster like heads with decaying horns, dark eyes, cleaved backs, sutured chests, ear holes and lacking mouths. The genitalia of the figures appear to be covered by codpieces. The three figures are seated on a bench in a mundane position that could be seen in a â€Å"doctor’s office waiting room† or similar to â€Å"athletes on the bench.† (Klassmeyer). This exhibit is not separated from the audience by rails or boundaries, but is on an equal level to viewers, and therefore viewers are able to see the art piece from all angles. The artist used oil paints to create the darkness of the defects of the figures making them seem more realistic. This artwork was created by Alexander while she was completing a masters degree at the University  of Witwatersrand. She may have chosen the media of plaster to create these figures due to the message she intended to portray. The possible message, which will be discussed in detail later, is controversial and addresses the  large topic of apartheid. Perhaps the artist wanted to make a life-sized exhibit to make an impression and better communicate this important message. This exhibit is not just large but the humanoid figures are created to scale of the human form which makes the message more intimate and relatable to the general audience. Another reason why Alexander may have chosen plaster for this art piece, is that plaster is inexpensive and easily accessible. For a student, and I speak from experience, these are important considerations when choosing a medium to utilize. Therefore, plaster allowed Alexander to make the statement she intended within her constraints as a stude nt. In A History of Art in Africa, Suzanne Blier describes various categories that can applied to African art. Several of these categories apply to Jane Alexander’s piece Butcher Boys. Alexander utilizes innovation of form by adding innovations to the human figure to communicate her message. This symbolizes the inhuman characteristics of the culture of apartheid. This technique of creating human forms with inhuman additions has a realistic and yet surreal effect on the viewer. Visual abstraction is shown in this artwork by the deviation of the figures from the classic human form. Although the figures are in a very unremarkable position, they have cleaved backs, horns, ear holes and other inhuman attributes. Without the addition of these abstract characteristics, these figures would appear to be ordinary humans, and the thought provoking connotations of the piece would be lost. The figures in the art piece are human like and represent human society. This shows humanism/ anthropomorphism. There are also three figures arranged together in this piece making this display an ensemble. The meaning of Butcher Boys is very intellectually complex, and can be interpreted in a variety of ways. Therefore the piece shows a multiplicity of meaning. The various interpretations of this piece will be discussed at a later point in this essay. The categories that do not apply to Alexander’s piece include parallel  asymmetries and performance. The cultural, political, and social circumstances that existed in South Africa during the life of Jane Alexander greatly impacted her art, and specifically the piece Butcher Boys. To appreciate the meaning of this piece  it is necessary to understand the history of South Africa, the origin of the artist. Similar to other African countries, South Africa was colonized by Europeans including Dutch and later British immigrants. The discovery of gold and diamonds in the mid 1800s brought an increase in attention to South Africa and therefore, an increase in immigration from European countries. The Zulu, an empire of the indigenous African population, was defeated by the British and the Dutch in 1879. These white immigrants over time established control of the indigenous populations by creating several laws and limitations. The Native’s Land Act of 1913 assigned 87% of the land in South Africa to the white population and 13% to blacks. The Mines and Works Act of 1911 assigned menial and manual labor to blacks and skilled labor to whites. During this time the indigenous population was denied many rights including the right to vote. In 1948, apartheid, a policy of racial segregation, was put into place by the ruling white population. This significantly increased the racial issues in South Africa. In the 1960s and 1970s South Africa encountered upheaval including several strikes and uprisings which result ed in many deaths. After this time South Africa experienced a continuous struggle between the black and white populations as the indigenous people fought for their civil rights, similar to what was experienced in the United States during this time. During this time of racial turbulence, Jane Alexander created the piece Butcher Boys in 1985-86. This cultural, social and political framework had a distinct impact that is communicated in the meaning of this piece. As an artist, Jane Alexander is generally silent as to her intended meaning of her pieces ArtThrob). Therefore, the meaning of Butcher Boys is open to interpretation and there are a variety of perceptions of this piece. One possible intention of this piece is to create emotions within the viewers related to the horrors that took place during the apartheid era in South Africa. The figures in the artwork may represent the  perpetrators of apartheid. The casualness of the appearance of the models in relation to the inhuman characteristics of each may communicate the good and evil within the white population involved in these atrocities. This may show the revulsion that Alexander felt toward the white population while living in South Africa during apartheid. In contrast, these figures can also be  perceived as representations of the black population. They show â€Å"dehumanized victims of apartheid’s crimes against humanity† (Bick 33) by the additions of horns, cleaved backs, and other inhuman attributes on the otherwise normal human form. It can be argued that the evil vs good theme displayed in this artwork portray the good and evil present in all of us. These sculptures have no genitalia or specific skin color and are therefore representations of humanity in general, and all viewers can relate the forms to themselves. This interpretation is intensified because the figures are life-sized and are not separated from the audience allowing them to become more intimate with the art piece. The human features of the sculptures cause viewers to relate personally to the figures, and ponder if the inhuman att ributes represent the evil inside themselves. Another interesting issue regarding the perception of Jane Alexander’s Butcher Boys occurred in February 2012. At this time, the South African band Die Antwoord’s lead singer Ninja dressed as a character resembling a figure in Butcher Boys in a teaser trailer for their album Tension. Die Antwoord speaks to the post-apartheid generation of the white population who is now experiencing a changing identity as the political and social entities in South Africa stabilize after a tumultuous past. Die Antwoord participates in â€Å"selecting, editing, and borrowing from available cultural resources to construct and perform a new white identity† (English). Jane Alexander communicated with the band after this release objecting to the band’s appropriation of the imagery of her piece. The band immediately removed the video and the lead singer responded that they used the imagery because Butcher Boys was one of the few South African art pieces that they were proud of. R eactions to this occurrence in South Africa have been mixed. Butcher Boys by Jane Alexander was chosen for this essay because it was previously introduced to the class and the image was found to be both visually and conceptually stimulating. After reading the article Horror Histories: Apartheid and the Abject Body in the Work of Jane Alexander, the historical significance of this piece made it even more intriguing. Butcher Boys became even more compelling after research showed that this specific art work, as well as its history, impacted the band Die Antwoord, which is a  band I appreciate. This piece is relatable to me personally because it shares many qualities of my own work which utilize the human form with alterations. I find the work of Jane Alexander to be inspirational and will draw from this experience in my future endeavors as an artist. Bibliography Being Human. Durham University. N.p., 3 Mar. 2009. Web. . Bick, Tenley. â€Å"Horror Histories: Apartheid and the Abject Body in the Work of Jane Alexander.† African Arts (2010): 30-41. Print. Dent, Lisa. â€Å"Global Context: Q+A with Jane Alexander.† Art in America. Cynthia Zabel, 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. . English, Chris. â€Å"Die Antwoord and Appropriation.† YouTube. YouTube, 06Dec. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. . â€Å"Jane Alexander.† ArtThrob. N.p., July 1999. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. . â€Å"Jane Alexander | South African History Online.† South African History. N.p.,15 Apr. 2009. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. . Jimenez, Dan’etta. â€Å"Jane Alexander: Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope).† (2013): n. pag. Rpt. in Museum of African Art New York. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Klassmeyer, Kelly. â€Å"Jane Alexander and the Dangers of Success.† Houston Press. N.p., 19 Sept. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. . Visonà  , Monica Blackmun. A History of Art in Africa. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2001. Print.

Weber and Religion The Prophet Motive Essay - 879 Words

Weber and Religion: The Prophet Motive Weber was concerned to demonstrate, contrary to Marxs thought, that culture was not reducible to the economic aspect of a society. Weber insisted that culture was to be considered as an autonomous value-sphere of any society. We might define such a value-sphere as; ..a distinct realm of activity which has its own inherent dignity and in which certain values, norms, obligations are inherent. (Brubaker:1983) Not only is this value-sphere of culture autonomous but, for Weber, it has the ability to construct forms of economic activity! For Weber, culture is seen as an agent in the production and maintenance of social relations. For†¦show more content†¦It is in this sense that we must understand charisma to be based upon a set of social relationships. Relationships of authority and legitimacy. Finally, charismatic authority arises in periods of social unrest and change and thus depends not only on the existence of this `exceptional individual but a social context which produces large numbers of individuals who are `disenchanted with the present social institutions. Charisma, is in Webers view ` a great revolutionary force for social change. Charismatic movements always seek to dismantle or overthrow existing/traditional forms of authority and power. Finally, Weber suggests charismatic authority as inherently unstable since it is usually based upon a `personality cult of the leader. When the leader dies then the movement will `die with him/her or ossify and institutionalise itself into what Weber refers to as `the charisma of office: bureaucracy! Look at Fig. 1, (at the bottom of page 2 of this document) which I have taken and adapted from Bryan Turners book. To understand the historical process we will need to begin with the `magician and move `clockwise towards `secular m an. We begin with the earliest form of society. Hunter-gatherer societies which were organised on the basis of kinship and lived in collectives of clans or tribes. The belief-systems of these peoples were, says Weber, based upon magic. Thus the magician (orShow MoreRelatedThe Protestant Ethic And Spirit Of Capitalism1828 Words   |  8 PagesSpring 2017 Prof. Delia TERM PAPER Sociology 101 â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism† Max Weber (1864-1920) considered seriously about the emerging dilemmas from the socio cultural and political state of affairs in Germany and criticised purely the historical materialistic concept of explanations. 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